// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.24; import {ERC20} from "openzeppelin-contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol"; import {ERC20Permit} from "openzeppelin-contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Permit.sol"; import {Ownable} from "openzeppelin-contracts/access/Ownable.sol"; /// @title XToken — venue-restricted ERC-20 until graduation /// @notice Pre-graduation, a transfer is only allowed if `from` or `to` is a /// whitelisted venue (the bonding curve). This is what enforces /// "only tradeable via X": the curve is the sole venue, and the curve /// is only reachable through the X bot's flow. Buying and selling are /// both always possible at the venue — the restriction is on WHERE, /// never on WHICH DIRECTION (a honeypot this must never become). /// @dev Graduation is a one-way switch. After it the token is a plain, /// freely transferable ERC-20 and the restriction can never return. /// Owner is the XCurve contract that deploys this token. contract XToken is ERC20, ERC20Permit, Ownable { bool public graduated; mapping(address => bool) public isVenue; /// @notice 指向代币元数据 JSON(name/description/image/creator 等)。 /// 测试网指向后端 /meta 接口,生产环境应为 IPFS。 string public metadataURI; event VenueSet(address indexed venue, bool allowed); event Graduated(); error VenueRestricted(address from, address to); error AlreadyGraduated(); constructor( string memory name_, string memory symbol_, uint256 supply_, address curve_, string memory metadataURI_ ) ERC20(name_, symbol_) ERC20Permit(name_) Ownable(curve_) { isVenue[curve_] = true; metadataURI = metadataURI_; emit VenueSet(curve_, true); _mint(curve_, supply_); } /// @notice OpenSea/工具链惯例的别名,便于生态自动识别。 function contractURI() external view returns (string memory) { return metadataURI; } /// @notice Whitelist an additional venue pre-graduation (e.g. an airdrop /// distributor). Meaningless after graduation. function setVenue(address venue, bool allowed) external onlyOwner { isVenue[venue] = allowed; emit VenueSet(venue, allowed); } /// @notice Lift the venue restriction forever. function graduate() external onlyOwner { if (graduated) revert AlreadyGraduated(); graduated = true; emit Graduated(); } function _update(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal override { // Mint/burn always pass; pre-graduation transfers must touch a venue. if (!graduated && from != address(0) && to != address(0)) { if (!isVenue[from] && !isVenue[to]) revert VenueRestricted(from, to); } super._update(from, to, value); } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/access/Ownable.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/Ownable.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.20; import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol"; /** * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to * specific functions. * * The initial owner is set to the address provided by the deployer. This can * later be changed with {transferOwnership}. * * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to * the owner. */ abstract contract Ownable is Context { address private _owner; /** * @dev The caller account is not authorized to perform an operation. */ error OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address account); /** * @dev The owner is not a valid owner account. (eg. `address(0)`) */ error OwnableInvalidOwner(address owner); event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner); /** * @dev Initializes the contract setting the address provided by the deployer as the initial owner. */ constructor(address initialOwner) { if (initialOwner == address(0)) { revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0)); } _transferOwnership(initialOwner); } /** * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner. */ modifier onlyOwner() { _checkOwner(); _; } /** * @dev Returns the address of the current owner. */ function owner() public view virtual returns (address) { return _owner; } /** * @dev Throws if the sender is not the owner. */ function _checkOwner() internal view virtual { if (owner() != _msgSender()) { revert OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(_msgSender()); } } /** * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call * `onlyOwner` functions. Can only be called by the current owner. * * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner, * thereby disabling any functionality that is only available to the owner. */ function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner { _transferOwnership(address(0)); } /** * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`). * Can only be called by the current owner. */ function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner { if (newOwner == address(0)) { revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0)); } _transferOwnership(newOwner); } /** * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`). * Internal function without access restriction. */ function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual { address oldOwner = _owner; _owner = newOwner; emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner); } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/interfaces/IERC5267.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.4.0) (interfaces/IERC5267.sol) pragma solidity >=0.4.16; interface IERC5267 { /** * @dev MAY be emitted to signal that the domain could have changed. */ event EIP712DomainChanged(); /** * @dev returns the fields and values that describe the domain separator used by this contract for EIP-712 * signature. */ function eip712Domain() external view returns ( bytes1 fields, string memory name, string memory version, uint256 chainId, address verifyingContract, bytes32 salt, uint256[] memory extensions ); } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.5.0) (interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol) pragma solidity >=0.8.4; /** * @dev Standard ERC-20 Errors * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC-20 tokens. */ interface IERC20Errors { /** * @dev Indicates an error related to the current `balance` of a `sender`. Used in transfers. * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred. * @param balance Current balance for the interacting account. * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer. */ error ERC20InsufficientBalance(address sender, uint256 balance, uint256 needed); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers. * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred. */ error ERC20InvalidSender(address sender); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers. * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred. */ error ERC20InvalidReceiver(address receiver); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender`’s `allowance`. Used in transfers. * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner. * @param allowance Amount of tokens a `spender` is allowed to operate with. * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer. */ error ERC20InsufficientAllowance(address spender, uint256 allowance, uint256 needed); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals. * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation. */ error ERC20InvalidApprover(address approver); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender` to be approved. Used in approvals. * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner. */ error ERC20InvalidSpender(address spender); } /** * @dev Standard ERC-721 Errors * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC-721 tokens. */ interface IERC721Errors { /** * @dev Indicates that an address can't be an owner. For example, `address(0)` is a forbidden owner in ERC-721. * Used in balance queries. * @param owner Address of the current owner of a token. */ error ERC721InvalidOwner(address owner); /** * @dev Indicates a `tokenId` whose `owner` is the zero address. * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token. */ error ERC721NonexistentToken(uint256 tokenId); /** * @dev Indicates an error related to the ownership over a particular token. Used in transfers. * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred. * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token. * @param owner Address of the current owner of a token. */ error ERC721IncorrectOwner(address sender, uint256 tokenId, address owner); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers. * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred. */ error ERC721InvalidSender(address sender); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers. * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred. */ error ERC721InvalidReceiver(address receiver); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator`’s approval. Used in transfers. * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner. * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token. */ error ERC721InsufficientApproval(address operator, uint256 tokenId); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals. * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation. */ error ERC721InvalidApprover(address approver); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator` to be approved. Used in approvals. * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner. */ error ERC721InvalidOperator(address operator); } /** * @dev Standard ERC-1155 Errors * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC-1155 tokens. */ interface IERC1155Errors { /** * @dev Indicates an error related to the current `balance` of a `sender`. Used in transfers. * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred. * @param balance Current balance for the interacting account. * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer. * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token. */ error ERC1155InsufficientBalance(address sender, uint256 balance, uint256 needed, uint256 tokenId); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers. * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred. */ error ERC1155InvalidSender(address sender); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers. * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred. */ error ERC1155InvalidReceiver(address receiver); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator`’s approval. Used in transfers. * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner. * @param owner Address of the current owner of a token. */ error ERC1155MissingApprovalForAll(address operator, address owner); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals. * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation. */ error ERC1155InvalidApprover(address approver); /** * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator` to be approved. Used in approvals. * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner. */ error ERC1155InvalidOperator(address operator); /** * @dev Indicates an array length mismatch between ids and values in a safeBatchTransferFrom operation. * Used in batch transfers. * @param idsLength Length of the array of token identifiers * @param valuesLength Length of the array of token amounts */ error ERC1155InvalidArrayLength(uint256 idsLength, uint256 valuesLength); } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.5.0) (token/ERC20/ERC20.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.20; import {IERC20} from "./IERC20.sol"; import {IERC20Metadata} from "./extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol"; import {Context} from "../../utils/Context.sol"; import {IERC20Errors} from "../../interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol"; /** * @dev Implementation of the {IERC20} interface. * * This implementation is agnostic to the way tokens are created. This means * that a supply mechanism has to be added in a derived contract using {_mint}. * * TIP: For a detailed writeup see our guide * https://forum.openzeppelin.com/t/how-to-implement-erc20-supply-mechanisms/226[How * to implement supply mechanisms]. * * The default value of {decimals} is 18. To change this, you should override * this function so it returns a different value. * * We have followed general OpenZeppelin Contracts guidelines: functions revert * instead returning `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless * conventional and does not conflict with the expectations of ERC-20 * applications. */ abstract contract ERC20 is Context, IERC20, IERC20Metadata, IERC20Errors { mapping(address account => uint256) private _balances; mapping(address account => mapping(address spender => uint256)) private _allowances; uint256 private _totalSupply; string private _name; string private _symbol; /** * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}. * * Both values are immutable: they can only be set once during construction. */ constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) { _name = name_; _symbol = symbol_; } /** * @dev Returns the name of the token. */ function name() public view virtual returns (string memory) { return _name; } /** * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the * name. */ function symbol() public view virtual returns (string memory) { return _symbol; } /** * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation. * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should * be displayed to a user as `5.05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`). * * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between * Ether and Wei. This is the default value returned by this function, unless * it's overridden. * * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}. */ function decimals() public view virtual returns (uint8) { return 18; } /// @inheritdoc IERC20 function totalSupply() public view virtual returns (uint256) { return _totalSupply; } /// @inheritdoc IERC20 function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return _balances[account]; } /** * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}. * * Requirements: * * - `to` cannot be the zero address. * - the caller must have a balance of at least `value`. */ function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) { address owner = _msgSender(); _transfer(owner, to, value); return true; } /// @inheritdoc IERC20 function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return _allowances[owner][spender]; } /** * @dev See {IERC20-approve}. * * NOTE: If `value` is the maximum `uint256`, the allowance is not updated on * `transferFrom`. This is semantically equivalent to an infinite approval. * * Requirements: * * - `spender` cannot be the zero address. */ function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) { address owner = _msgSender(); _approve(owner, spender, value); return true; } /** * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}. * * Skips emitting an {Approval} event indicating an allowance update. This is not * required by the ERC. See {xref-ERC20-_approve-address-address-uint256-bool-}[_approve]. * * NOTE: Does not update the allowance if the current allowance * is the maximum `uint256`. * * Requirements: * * - `from` and `to` cannot be the zero address. * - `from` must have a balance of at least `value`. * - the caller must have allowance for ``from``'s tokens of at least * `value`. */ function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) { address spender = _msgSender(); _spendAllowance(from, spender, value); _transfer(from, to, value); return true; } /** * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to`. * * This internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc. * * Emits a {Transfer} event. * * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead. */ function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal { if (from == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidSender(address(0)); } if (to == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidReceiver(address(0)); } _update(from, to, value); } /** * @dev Transfers a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to`, or alternatively mints (or burns) if `from` * (or `to`) is the zero address. All customizations to transfers, mints, and burns should be done by overriding * this function. * * Emits a {Transfer} event. */ function _update(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal virtual { if (from == address(0)) { // Overflow check required: The rest of the code assumes that totalSupply never overflows _totalSupply += value; } else { uint256 fromBalance = _balances[from]; if (fromBalance < value) { revert ERC20InsufficientBalance(from, fromBalance, value); } unchecked { // Overflow not possible: value <= fromBalance <= totalSupply. _balances[from] = fromBalance - value; } } if (to == address(0)) { unchecked { // Overflow not possible: value <= totalSupply or value <= fromBalance <= totalSupply. _totalSupply -= value; } } else { unchecked { // Overflow not possible: balance + value is at most totalSupply, which we know fits into a uint256. _balances[to] += value; } } emit Transfer(from, to, value); } /** * @dev Creates a `value` amount of tokens and assigns them to `account`, by transferring it from address(0). * Relies on the `_update` mechanism * * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address. * * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead. */ function _mint(address account, uint256 value) internal { if (account == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidReceiver(address(0)); } _update(address(0), account, value); } /** * @dev Destroys a `value` amount of tokens from `account`, lowering the total supply. * Relies on the `_update` mechanism. * * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address. * * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead */ function _burn(address account, uint256 value) internal { if (account == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidSender(address(0)); } _update(account, address(0), value); } /** * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner`'s tokens. * * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc. * * Emits an {Approval} event. * * Requirements: * * - `owner` cannot be the zero address. * - `spender` cannot be the zero address. * * Overrides to this logic should be done to the variant with an additional `bool emitEvent` argument. */ function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value) internal { _approve(owner, spender, value, true); } /** * @dev Variant of {_approve} with an optional flag to enable or disable the {Approval} event. * * By default (when calling {_approve}) the flag is set to true. On the other hand, approval changes made by * `_spendAllowance` during the `transferFrom` operation sets the flag to false. This saves gas by not emitting any * `Approval` event during `transferFrom` operations. * * Anyone who wishes to continue emitting `Approval` events on the `transferFrom` operation can force the flag to * true using the following override: * * ```solidity * function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value, bool) internal virtual override { * super._approve(owner, spender, value, true); * } * ``` * * Requirements are the same as {_approve}. */ function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value, bool emitEvent) internal virtual { if (owner == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidApprover(address(0)); } if (spender == address(0)) { revert ERC20InvalidSpender(address(0)); } _allowances[owner][spender] = value; if (emitEvent) { emit Approval(owner, spender, value); } } /** * @dev Updates `owner`'s allowance for `spender` based on spent `value`. * * Does not update the allowance value in case of infinite allowance. * Revert if not enough allowance is available. * * Does not emit an {Approval} event. */ function _spendAllowance(address owner, address spender, uint256 value) internal virtual { uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender); if (currentAllowance < type(uint256).max) { if (currentAllowance < value) { revert ERC20InsufficientAllowance(spender, currentAllowance, value); } unchecked { _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - value, false); } } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.4.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol) pragma solidity >=0.4.16; /** * @dev Interface of the ERC-20 standard as defined in the ERC. */ interface IERC20 { /** * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to * another (`to`). * * Note that `value` may be zero. */ event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value); /** * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance. */ event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value); /** * @dev Returns the value of tokens in existence. */ function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256); /** * @dev Returns the value of tokens owned by `account`. */ function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256); /** * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from the caller's account to `to`. * * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded. * * Emits a {Transfer} event. */ function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool); /** * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is * zero by default. * * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called. */ function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256); /** * @dev Sets a `value` amount of tokens as the allowance of `spender` over the * caller's tokens. * * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded. * * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the * desired value afterwards: * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729 * * Emits an {Approval} event. */ function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool); /** * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to` using the * allowance mechanism. `value` is then deducted from the caller's * allowance. * * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded. * * Emits a {Transfer} event. */ function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool); } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Permit.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.5.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Permit.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.24; import {IERC20Permit} from "./IERC20Permit.sol"; import {ERC20} from "../ERC20.sol"; import {ECDSA} from "../../../utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol"; import {EIP712} from "../../../utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol"; import {Nonces} from "../../../utils/Nonces.sol"; /** * @dev Implementation of the ERC-20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[ERC-2612]. * * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC-20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on `{IERC20-approve}`, the token holder account doesn't * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all. */ abstract contract ERC20Permit is ERC20, IERC20Permit, EIP712, Nonces { bytes32 private constant PERMIT_TYPEHASH = keccak256("Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)"); /** * @dev Permit deadline has expired. */ error ERC2612ExpiredSignature(uint256 deadline); /** * @dev Mismatched signature. */ error ERC2612InvalidSigner(address signer, address owner); /** * @dev Initializes the {EIP712} domain separator using the `name` parameter, and setting `version` to `"1"`. * * It's a good idea to use the same `name` that is defined as the ERC-20 token name. */ constructor(string memory name) EIP712(name, "1") {} /// @inheritdoc IERC20Permit function permit( address owner, address spender, uint256 value, uint256 deadline, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s ) public virtual { if (block.timestamp > deadline) { revert ERC2612ExpiredSignature(deadline); } bytes32 structHash = keccak256(abi.encode(PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, value, _useNonce(owner), deadline)); bytes32 hash = _hashTypedDataV4(structHash); address signer = ECDSA.recover(hash, v, r, s); if (signer != owner) { revert ERC2612InvalidSigner(signer, owner); } _approve(owner, spender, value); } /// @inheritdoc IERC20Permit function nonces(address owner) public view virtual override(IERC20Permit, Nonces) returns (uint256) { return super.nonces(owner); } /// @inheritdoc IERC20Permit // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32) { return _domainSeparatorV4(); } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.4.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol) pragma solidity >=0.6.2; import {IERC20} from "../IERC20.sol"; /** * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC-20 standard. */ interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 { /** * @dev Returns the name of the token. */ function name() external view returns (string memory); /** * @dev Returns the symbol of the token. */ function symbol() external view returns (string memory); /** * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token. */ function decimals() external view returns (uint8); } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.5.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol) pragma solidity >=0.4.16; /** * @dev Interface of the ERC-20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[ERC-2612]. * * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC-20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all. * * ==== Security Considerations * * There are two important considerations concerning the use of `permit`. The first is that a valid permit signature * expresses an allowance, and it should not be assumed to convey additional meaning. In particular, it should not be * considered as an intention to spend the allowance in any specific way. The second is that because permits have * built-in replay protection and can be submitted by anyone, they can be frontrun. A protocol that uses permits should * take this into consideration and allow a `permit` call to fail. Combining these two aspects, a pattern that may be * generally recommended is: * * ```solidity * function doThingWithPermit(..., uint256 value, uint256 deadline, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) public { * try token.permit(msg.sender, address(this), value, deadline, v, r, s) {} catch {} * doThing(..., value); * } * * function doThing(..., uint256 value) public { * token.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), value); * ... * } * ``` * * Observe that: 1) `msg.sender` is used as the owner, leaving no ambiguity as to the signer intent, and 2) the use of * `try/catch` allows the permit to fail and makes the code tolerant to frontrunning. (See also * {SafeERC20-safeTransferFrom}). * * Additionally, note that smart contract wallets (such as Argent or Safe) are not able to produce permit signatures, so * contracts should have entry points that don't rely on permit. */ interface IERC20Permit { /** * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens, * given ``owner``'s signed approval. * * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction * ordering also applies here. * * Emits an {Approval} event. * * Requirements: * * - `spender` cannot be the zero address. * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future. * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner` * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments. * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}). * * For more information on the signature format, see the * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP * section]. * * CAUTION: See Security Considerations above. */ function permit( address owner, address spender, uint256 value, uint256 deadline, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s ) external; /** * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}. * * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This * prevents a signature from being used multiple times. */ function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256); /** * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}. */ // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32); } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/Bytes.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.7.0) (utils/Bytes.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.24; import {Math} from "./math/Math.sol"; /** * @dev Bytes operations. */ library Bytes { /** * @dev Forward search for `s` in `buffer` * * If `s` is present in the buffer, returns the index of the first instance * * If `s` is not present in the buffer, returns type(uint256).max * * NOTE: replicates the behavior of https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/indexOf[Javascript's `Array.indexOf`] */ function indexOf(bytes memory buffer, bytes1 s) internal pure returns (uint256) { return indexOf(buffer, s, 0); } /** * @dev Forward search for `s` in `buffer` starting at position `pos` * * If `s` is present in the buffer (at or after `pos`), returns the index of the next instance * * If `s` is not present in the buffer (at or after `pos`), returns type(uint256).max * * NOTE: replicates the behavior of https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/indexOf[Javascript's `Array.indexOf`] */ function indexOf(bytes memory buffer, bytes1 s, uint256 pos) internal pure returns (uint256) { uint256 length = buffer.length; for (uint256 i = pos; i < length; ++i) { if (bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i)) == s) { return i; } } return type(uint256).max; } /** * @dev Backward search for `s` in `buffer` * * If `s` is present in the buffer, returns the index of the last instance * * If `s` is not present in the buffer, returns type(uint256).max * * NOTE: replicates the behavior of https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/lastIndexOf[Javascript's `Array.lastIndexOf`] */ function lastIndexOf(bytes memory buffer, bytes1 s) internal pure returns (uint256) { return lastIndexOf(buffer, s, type(uint256).max); } /** * @dev Backward search for `s` in `buffer` starting at position `pos` * * If `s` is present in the buffer (at or before `pos`), returns the index of the previous instance * * If `s` is not present in the buffer (at or before `pos`), returns type(uint256).max * * NOTE: replicates the behavior of https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/lastIndexOf[Javascript's `Array.lastIndexOf`] */ function lastIndexOf(bytes memory buffer, bytes1 s, uint256 pos) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { uint256 length = buffer.length; for (uint256 i = Math.min(Math.saturatingAdd(pos, 1), length); i > 0; --i) { if (bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i - 1)) == s) { return i - 1; } } return type(uint256).max; } } /** * @dev Copies the content of `buffer`, from `start` (included) to the end of `buffer` into a new bytes object in * memory. * * NOTE: replicates the behavior of https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/slice[Javascript's `Array.slice`] */ function slice(bytes memory buffer, uint256 start) internal pure returns (bytes memory) { return slice(buffer, start, buffer.length); } /** * @dev Copies the content of `buffer`, from `start` (included) to `end` (excluded) into a new bytes object in * memory. The `end` argument is truncated to the length of the `buffer`. * * NOTE: replicates the behavior of https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/slice[Javascript's `Array.slice`] */ function slice(bytes memory buffer, uint256 start, uint256 end) internal pure returns (bytes memory) { // sanitize end = Math.min(end, buffer.length); start = Math.min(start, end); // allocate and copy bytes memory result = new bytes(end - start); assembly ("memory-safe") { mcopy(add(result, 0x20), add(add(buffer, 0x20), start), sub(end, start)) } return result; } /** * @dev Moves the content of `buffer`, from `start` (included) to the end of `buffer` to the start of that buffer, * and shrinks the buffer length accordingly, effectively overriding the content of buffer with buffer[start:]. * * NOTE: This function modifies the provided buffer in place. If you need to preserve the original buffer, use {slice} instead */ function splice(bytes memory buffer, uint256 start) internal pure returns (bytes memory) { return splice(buffer, start, buffer.length); } /** * @dev Moves the content of `buffer`, from `start` (included) to `end` (excluded) to the start of that buffer, * and shrinks the buffer length accordingly, effectively overriding the content of buffer with buffer[start:end]. * The `end` argument is truncated to the length of the `buffer`. * * NOTE: This function modifies the provided buffer in place. If you need to preserve the original buffer, use {slice} instead */ function splice(bytes memory buffer, uint256 start, uint256 end) internal pure returns (bytes memory) { // sanitize end = Math.min(end, buffer.length); start = Math.min(start, end); // move and resize assembly ("memory-safe") { mcopy(add(buffer, 0x20), add(add(buffer, 0x20), start), sub(end, start)) mstore(buffer, sub(end, start)) } return buffer; } /** * @dev Replaces bytes in `buffer` starting at `pos` with all bytes from `replacement`. * * Parameters are clamped to valid ranges (i.e. `pos` is clamped to `[0, buffer.length]`). * If `pos >= buffer.length`, no replacement occurs and the buffer is returned unchanged. * * NOTE: This function modifies the provided buffer in place. */ function replace(bytes memory buffer, uint256 pos, bytes memory replacement) internal pure returns (bytes memory) { return replace(buffer, pos, replacement, 0, replacement.length); } /** * @dev Replaces bytes in `buffer` starting at `pos` with bytes from `replacement` starting at `offset`. * Copies at most `length` bytes from `replacement` to `buffer`. * * Parameters are clamped to valid ranges (i.e. `pos` is clamped to `[0, buffer.length]`, `offset` is * clamped to `[0, replacement.length]`, and `length` is clamped to `min(length, replacement.length - offset, * buffer.length - pos))`. If `pos >= buffer.length` or `offset >= replacement.length`, no replacement occurs * and the buffer is returned unchanged. * * NOTE: This function modifies the provided buffer in place. */ function replace( bytes memory buffer, uint256 pos, bytes memory replacement, uint256 offset, uint256 length ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) { // sanitize pos = Math.min(pos, buffer.length); offset = Math.min(offset, replacement.length); length = Math.min(length, Math.min(replacement.length - offset, buffer.length - pos)); // replace assembly ("memory-safe") { mcopy(add(add(buffer, 0x20), pos), add(add(replacement, 0x20), offset), length) } return buffer; } /** * @dev Concatenate an array of bytes into a single bytes object. * * For fixed bytes types, we recommend using the solidity built-in `bytes.concat` or (equivalent) * `abi.encodePacked`. * * NOTE: this could be done in assembly with a single loop that expands starting at the FMP, but that would be * significantly less readable. It might be worth benchmarking the savings of the full-assembly approach. */ function concat(bytes[] memory buffers) internal pure returns (bytes memory) { uint256 length = 0; for (uint256 i = 0; i < buffers.length; ++i) { length += buffers[i].length; } bytes memory result = new bytes(length); uint256 offset = 0x20; for (uint256 i = 0; i < buffers.length; ++i) { bytes memory input = buffers[i]; assembly ("memory-safe") { mcopy(add(result, offset), add(input, 0x20), mload(input)) } unchecked { offset += input.length; } } return result; } /** * @dev Split each byte in `input` into two nibbles (4 bits each) * * Example: hex"01234567" → hex"0001020304050607" */ function toNibbles(bytes memory input) internal pure returns (bytes memory output) { assembly ("memory-safe") { let length := mload(input) output := mload(0x40) mstore(0x40, add(add(output, 0x20), mul(length, 2))) mstore(output, mul(length, 2)) for { let i := 0 } lt(i, length) { i := add(i, 0x10) } { let chunk := shr(128, mload(add(add(input, 0x20), i))) chunk := and( 0x0000000000000000ffffffffffffffff0000000000000000ffffffffffffffff, or(shl(64, chunk), chunk) ) chunk := and( 0x00000000ffffffff00000000ffffffff00000000ffffffff00000000ffffffff, or(shl(32, chunk), chunk) ) chunk := and( 0x0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff, or(shl(16, chunk), chunk) ) chunk := and( 0x00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff, or(shl(8, chunk), chunk) ) chunk := and( 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f, or(shl(4, chunk), chunk) ) mstore(add(add(output, 0x20), mul(i, 2)), chunk) } } } /** * @dev Returns true if the two byte buffers are equal. */ function equal(bytes memory a, bytes memory b) internal pure returns (bool) { return a.length == b.length && keccak256(a) == keccak256(b); } /** * @dev Reverses the byte order of a bytes32 value, converting between little-endian and big-endian. * Inspired by https://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#ReverseParallel[Reverse Parallel] */ function reverseBytes32(bytes32 value) internal pure returns (bytes32) { value = // swap bytes ((value >> 8) & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF) | ((value & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF) << 8); value = // swap 2-byte long pairs ((value >> 16) & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF) | ((value & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF) << 16); value = // swap 4-byte long pairs ((value >> 32) & 0x00000000FFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFF) | ((value & 0x00000000FFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFF) << 32); value = // swap 8-byte long pairs ((value >> 64) & 0x0000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value & 0x0000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF0000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) << 64); return (value >> 128) | (value << 128); // swap 16-byte long pairs } /// @dev Same as {reverseBytes32} but optimized for 128-bit values. function reverseBytes16(bytes16 value) internal pure returns (bytes16) { value = // swap bytes ((value & 0xFF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00) >> 8) | ((value & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF00FF) << 8); value = // swap 2-byte long pairs ((value & 0xFFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000) >> 16) | ((value & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF0000FFFF) << 16); value = // swap 4-byte long pairs ((value & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFF00000000) >> 32) | ((value & 0x00000000FFFFFFFF00000000FFFFFFFF) << 32); return (value >> 64) | (value << 64); // swap 8-byte long pairs } /// @dev Same as {reverseBytes32} but optimized for 64-bit values. function reverseBytes8(bytes8 value) internal pure returns (bytes8) { value = ((value & 0xFF00FF00FF00FF00) >> 8) | ((value & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FF) << 8); // swap bytes value = ((value & 0xFFFF0000FFFF0000) >> 16) | ((value & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFF) << 16); // swap 2-byte long pairs return (value >> 32) | (value << 32); // swap 4-byte long pairs } /// @dev Same as {reverseBytes32} but optimized for 32-bit values. function reverseBytes4(bytes4 value) internal pure returns (bytes4) { value = ((value & 0xFF00FF00) >> 8) | ((value & 0x00FF00FF) << 8); // swap bytes return (value >> 16) | (value << 16); // swap 2-byte long pairs } /// @dev Same as {reverseBytes32} but optimized for 16-bit values. function reverseBytes2(bytes2 value) internal pure returns (bytes2) { return (value >> 8) | (value << 8); } /** * @dev Counts the number of leading zero bits a bytes array. Returns `8 * buffer.length` * if the buffer is all zeros. */ function clz(bytes memory buffer) internal pure returns (uint256) { for (uint256 i = 0; i < buffer.length; i += 0x20) { bytes32 chunk = _unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i); if (chunk != bytes32(0)) { return Math.min(8 * i + Math.clz(uint256(chunk)), 8 * buffer.length); } } return 8 * buffer.length; } /** * @dev Reads a bytes32 from a bytes array without bounds checking. * * NOTE: making this function internal would mean it could be used with memory unsafe offset, and marking the * assembly block as such would prevent some optimizations. */ function _unsafeReadBytesOffset(bytes memory buffer, uint256 offset) private pure returns (bytes32 value) { // This is not memory safe in the general case, but all calls to this private function are within bounds. assembly ("memory-safe") { value := mload(add(add(buffer, 0x20), offset)) } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/Context.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.1) (utils/Context.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.20; /** * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application * is concerned). * * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts. */ abstract contract Context { function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) { return msg.sender; } function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) { return msg.data; } function _contextSuffixLength() internal view virtual returns (uint256) { return 0; } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/Nonces.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.7.0) (utils/Nonces.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.20; /** * @dev Provides tracking nonces for addresses. Nonces will only increment. */ abstract contract Nonces { /** * @dev The nonce used for an `account` is not the expected current nonce. */ error InvalidAccountNonce(address account, uint256 currentNonce); mapping(address account => uint256) private _nonces; /** * @dev Returns the next unused nonce for an address. */ function nonces(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) { return _nonces[owner]; } /** * @dev Consumes a nonce. * * Returns the current value and increments nonce. */ function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256) { // For each account, the nonce has an initial value of 0, can only be incremented by one, and cannot be // decremented or reset. This guarantees that the nonce never overflows. unchecked { // It is important to do x++ and not ++x here. return _nonces[owner]++; } } /** * @dev Same as {_useNonce} but checking that `nonce` is the next valid for `owner`. */ function _useCheckedNonce(address owner, uint256 nonce) internal virtual { uint256 current = _useNonce(owner); if (nonce != current) { revert InvalidAccountNonce(owner, current); } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/Panic.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/Panic.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.20; /** * @dev Helper library for emitting standardized panic codes. * * ```solidity * contract Example { * using Panic for uint256; * * // Use any of the declared internal constants * function foo() { Panic.GENERIC.panic(); } * * // Alternatively * function foo() { Panic.panic(Panic.GENERIC); } * } * ``` * * Follows the list from https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/blob/v0.8.24/libsolutil/ErrorCodes.h[libsolutil]. * * _Available since v5.1._ */ // slither-disable-next-line unused-state library Panic { /// @dev generic / unspecified error uint256 internal constant GENERIC = 0x00; /// @dev used by the assert() builtin uint256 internal constant ASSERT = 0x01; /// @dev arithmetic underflow or overflow uint256 internal constant UNDER_OVERFLOW = 0x11; /// @dev division or modulo by zero uint256 internal constant DIVISION_BY_ZERO = 0x12; /// @dev enum conversion error uint256 internal constant ENUM_CONVERSION_ERROR = 0x21; /// @dev invalid encoding in storage uint256 internal constant STORAGE_ENCODING_ERROR = 0x22; /// @dev empty array pop uint256 internal constant EMPTY_ARRAY_POP = 0x31; /// @dev array out of bounds access uint256 internal constant ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 0x32; /// @dev resource error (too large allocation or too large array) uint256 internal constant RESOURCE_ERROR = 0x41; /// @dev calling invalid internal function uint256 internal constant INVALID_INTERNAL_FUNCTION = 0x51; /// @dev Reverts with a panic code. Recommended to use with /// the internal constants with predefined codes. function panic(uint256 code) internal pure { assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore(0x00, 0x4e487b71) mstore(0x20, code) revert(0x1c, 0x24) } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/ShortStrings.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.7.0) (utils/ShortStrings.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.20; import {StorageSlot} from "./StorageSlot.sol"; // | string | 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA | // | length | 0x BB | type ShortString is bytes32; /** * @dev This library provides functions to convert short memory strings * into a `ShortString` type that can be used as an immutable variable. * * Strings of arbitrary length can be optimized using this library if * they are short enough (up to 31 bytes) by packing them with their * length (1 byte) in a single EVM word (32 bytes). Additionally, a * fallback mechanism can be used for every other case. * * Usage example: * * ```solidity * contract Named { * using ShortStrings for *; * * ShortString private immutable _name; * string private _nameFallback; * * constructor(string memory contractName) { * _name = contractName.toShortStringWithFallback(_nameFallback); * } * * function name() external view returns (string memory) { * return _name.toStringWithFallback(_nameFallback); * } * } * ``` */ library ShortStrings { // Used as an identifier for strings longer than 31 bytes. bytes32 private constant FALLBACK_SENTINEL = 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FF; error StringTooLong(string str); error InvalidShortString(); /** * @dev Encode a string of at most 31 chars into a `ShortString`. * * This will trigger a `StringTooLong` error if the input string is too long. */ function toShortString(string memory str) internal pure returns (ShortString) { bytes memory bstr = bytes(str); if (bstr.length > 0x1f) { revert StringTooLong(str); } return ShortString.wrap(bytes32(uint256(bytes32(bstr)) | bstr.length)); } /** * @dev Decode a `ShortString` back to a "normal" string. */ function toString(ShortString sstr) internal pure returns (string memory) { uint256 len = byteLength(sstr); // using `new string(len)` would work locally but is not memory safe. string memory str = new string(0x20); assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore(str, len) mstore(add(str, 0x20), sstr) } return str; } /** * @dev Return the length of a `ShortString`. */ function byteLength(ShortString sstr) internal pure returns (uint256) { uint256 result = uint256(ShortString.unwrap(sstr)) & 0xFF; if (result > 0x1f) { revert InvalidShortString(); } return result; } /** * @dev Encode a string into a `ShortString`, or write it to storage if it is too long. */ function toShortStringWithFallback(string memory value, string storage store) internal returns (ShortString) { if (bytes(value).length < 0x20) { return toShortString(value); } else { StorageSlot.getStringSlot(store).value = value; return ShortString.wrap(FALLBACK_SENTINEL); } } /** * @dev Decode a string that was encoded to `ShortString` or written to storage using {toShortStringWithFallback}. */ function toStringWithFallback(ShortString value, string storage store) internal pure returns (string memory) { if (ShortString.unwrap(value) != FALLBACK_SENTINEL) { return toString(value); } else { return store; } } /** * @dev Return the length of a string that was encoded to `ShortString` or written to storage using * {toShortStringWithFallback}. * * WARNING: This will return the "byte length" of the string. This may not reflect the actual length in terms of * actual characters as the UTF-8 encoding of a single character can span over multiple bytes. */ function byteLengthWithFallback(ShortString value, string storage store) internal view returns (uint256) { if (ShortString.unwrap(value) != FALLBACK_SENTINEL) { return byteLength(value); } else { return bytes(store).length; } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/StorageSlot.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/StorageSlot.sol) // This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/StorageSlot.js. pragma solidity ^0.8.20; /** * @dev Library for reading and writing primitive types to specific storage slots. * * Storage slots are often used to avoid storage conflict when dealing with upgradeable contracts. * This library helps with reading and writing to such slots without the need for inline assembly. * * The functions in this library return Slot structs that contain a `value` member that can be used to read or write. * * Example usage to set ERC-1967 implementation slot: * ```solidity * contract ERC1967 { * // Define the slot. Alternatively, use the SlotDerivation library to derive the slot. * bytes32 internal constant _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc; * * function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) { * return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value; * } * * function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) internal { * require(newImplementation.code.length > 0); * StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = newImplementation; * } * } * ``` * * TIP: Consider using this library along with {SlotDerivation}. */ library StorageSlot { struct AddressSlot { address value; } struct BooleanSlot { bool value; } struct Bytes32Slot { bytes32 value; } struct Uint256Slot { uint256 value; } struct Int256Slot { int256 value; } struct StringSlot { string value; } struct BytesSlot { bytes value; } /** * @dev Returns an `AddressSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getAddressSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (AddressSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `BooleanSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getBooleanSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BooleanSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `Bytes32Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getBytes32Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Bytes32Slot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `Uint256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getUint256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Uint256Slot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `Int256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getInt256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Int256Slot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `StringSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getStringSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns an `StringSlot` representation of the string storage pointer `store`. */ function getStringSlot(string storage store) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := store.slot } } /** * @dev Returns a `BytesSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`. */ function getBytesSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := slot } } /** * @dev Returns an `BytesSlot` representation of the bytes storage pointer `store`. */ function getBytesSlot(bytes storage store) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) { assembly ("memory-safe") { r.slot := store.slot } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/Strings.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.6.0) (utils/Strings.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.24; import {Math} from "./math/Math.sol"; import {SafeCast} from "./math/SafeCast.sol"; import {SignedMath} from "./math/SignedMath.sol"; import {Bytes} from "./Bytes.sol"; /** * @dev String operations. */ library Strings { using SafeCast for *; bytes16 private constant HEX_DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef"; uint8 private constant ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20; uint256 private constant SPECIAL_CHARS_LOOKUP = 0xffffffff | // first 32 bits corresponding to the control characters (U+0000 to U+001F) (1 << 0x22) | // double quote (1 << 0x5c); // backslash /** * @dev The `value` string doesn't fit in the specified `length`. */ error StringsInsufficientHexLength(uint256 value, uint256 length); /** * @dev The string being parsed contains characters that are not in scope of the given base. */ error StringsInvalidChar(); /** * @dev The string being parsed is not a properly formatted address. */ error StringsInvalidAddressFormat(); /** * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation. */ function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) { unchecked { uint256 length = Math.log10(value) + 1; string memory buffer = new string(length); uint256 ptr; assembly ("memory-safe") { ptr := add(add(buffer, 0x20), length) } while (true) { ptr--; assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore8(ptr, byte(mod(value, 10), HEX_DIGITS)) } value /= 10; if (value == 0) break; } return buffer; } } /** * @dev Converts a `int256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation. */ function toStringSigned(int256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) { return string.concat(value < 0 ? "-" : "", toString(SignedMath.abs(value))); } /** * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation. */ function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) { unchecked { return toHexString(value, Math.log256(value) + 1); } } /** * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length. */ function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) { uint256 localValue = value; bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2); buffer[0] = "0"; buffer[1] = "x"; for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) { buffer[i] = HEX_DIGITS[localValue & 0xf]; localValue >>= 4; } if (localValue != 0) { revert StringsInsufficientHexLength(value, length); } return string(buffer); } /** * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal * representation. */ function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) { return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), ADDRESS_LENGTH); } /** * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal * representation, according to EIP-55. */ function toChecksumHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) { bytes memory buffer = bytes(toHexString(addr)); // hash the hex part of buffer (skip length + 2 bytes, length 40) uint256 hashValue; assembly ("memory-safe") { hashValue := shr(96, keccak256(add(buffer, 0x22), 40)) } for (uint256 i = 41; i > 1; --i) { // possible values for buffer[i] are 48 (0) to 57 (9) and 97 (a) to 102 (f) if (hashValue & 0xf > 7 && uint8(buffer[i]) > 96) { // case shift by xoring with 0x20 buffer[i] ^= 0x20; } hashValue >>= 4; } return string(buffer); } /** * @dev Converts a `bytes` buffer to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation. */ function toHexString(bytes memory input) internal pure returns (string memory) { unchecked { bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * input.length + 2); buffer[0] = "0"; buffer[1] = "x"; for (uint256 i = 0; i < input.length; ++i) { uint8 v = uint8(input[i]); buffer[2 * i + 2] = HEX_DIGITS[v >> 4]; buffer[2 * i + 3] = HEX_DIGITS[v & 0xf]; } return string(buffer); } } /** * @dev Returns true if the two strings are equal. */ function equal(string memory a, string memory b) internal pure returns (bool) { return Bytes.equal(bytes(a), bytes(b)); } /** * @dev Parse a decimal string and returns the value as a `uint256`. * * Requirements: * - The string must be formatted as `[0-9]*` * - The result must fit into an `uint256` type */ function parseUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (uint256) { return parseUint(input, 0, bytes(input).length); } /** * @dev Variant of {parseUint-string} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and * `end` (excluded). * * Requirements: * - The substring must be formatted as `[0-9]*` * - The result must fit into an `uint256` type */ function parseUint(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (uint256) { (bool success, uint256 value) = tryParseUint(input, begin, end); if (!success) revert StringsInvalidChar(); return value; } /** * @dev Variant of {parseUint-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid character. * * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`. */ function tryParseUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) { return _tryParseUintUncheckedBounds(input, 0, bytes(input).length); } /** * @dev Variant of {parseUint-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid * character. * * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`. */ function tryParseUint( string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end ) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) { if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, 0); return _tryParseUintUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end); } /** * @dev Implementation of {tryParseUint-string-uint256-uint256} that does not check bounds. Caller should make sure that * `begin <= end <= input.length`. Other inputs would result in undefined behavior. */ function _tryParseUintUncheckedBounds( string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end ) private pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) { bytes memory buffer = bytes(input); uint256 result = 0; for (uint256 i = begin; i < end; ++i) { uint8 chr = _tryParseChr(bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i))); if (chr > 9) return (false, 0); result *= 10; result += chr; } return (true, result); } /** * @dev Parse a decimal string and returns the value as a `int256`. * * Requirements: * - The string must be formatted as `[-+]?[0-9]*` * - The result must fit in an `int256` type. */ function parseInt(string memory input) internal pure returns (int256) { return parseInt(input, 0, bytes(input).length); } /** * @dev Variant of {parseInt-string} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and * `end` (excluded). * * Requirements: * - The substring must be formatted as `[-+]?[0-9]*` * - The result must fit in an `int256` type. */ function parseInt(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (int256) { (bool success, int256 value) = tryParseInt(input, begin, end); if (!success) revert StringsInvalidChar(); return value; } /** * @dev Variant of {parseInt-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid character or if * the result does not fit in a `int256`. * * NOTE: This function will revert if the absolute value of the result does not fit in a `uint256`. */ function tryParseInt(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, int256 value) { return _tryParseIntUncheckedBounds(input, 0, bytes(input).length); } uint256 private constant ABS_MIN_INT256 = 2 ** 255; /** * @dev Variant of {parseInt-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid * character or if the result does not fit in a `int256`. * * NOTE: This function will revert if the absolute value of the result does not fit in a `uint256`. */ function tryParseInt( string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end ) internal pure returns (bool success, int256 value) { if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, 0); return _tryParseIntUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end); } /** * @dev Implementation of {tryParseInt-string-uint256-uint256} that does not check bounds. Caller should make sure that * `begin <= end <= input.length`. Other inputs would result in undefined behavior. */ function _tryParseIntUncheckedBounds( string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end ) private pure returns (bool success, int256 value) { bytes memory buffer = bytes(input); // Check presence of a negative sign. bytes1 sign = begin == end ? bytes1(0) : bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, begin)); // don't do out-of-bound (possibly unsafe) read if sub-string is empty bool positiveSign = sign == bytes1("+"); bool negativeSign = sign == bytes1("-"); uint256 offset = (positiveSign || negativeSign).toUint(); (bool absSuccess, uint256 absValue) = tryParseUint(input, begin + offset, end); if (absSuccess && absValue < ABS_MIN_INT256) { return (true, negativeSign ? -int256(absValue) : int256(absValue)); } else if (absSuccess && negativeSign && absValue == ABS_MIN_INT256) { return (true, type(int256).min); } else return (false, 0); } /** * @dev Parse a hexadecimal string (with or without "0x" prefix), and returns the value as a `uint256`. * * Requirements: * - The string must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]*` * - The result must fit in an `uint256` type. */ function parseHexUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (uint256) { return parseHexUint(input, 0, bytes(input).length); } /** * @dev Variant of {parseHexUint-string} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and * `end` (excluded). * * Requirements: * - The substring must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]*` * - The result must fit in an `uint256` type. */ function parseHexUint(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (uint256) { (bool success, uint256 value) = tryParseHexUint(input, begin, end); if (!success) revert StringsInvalidChar(); return value; } /** * @dev Variant of {parseHexUint-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid character. * * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`. */ function tryParseHexUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) { return _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(input, 0, bytes(input).length); } /** * @dev Variant of {parseHexUint-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an * invalid character. * * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`. */ function tryParseHexUint( string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end ) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) { if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, 0); return _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end); } /** * @dev Implementation of {tryParseHexUint-string-uint256-uint256} that does not check bounds. Caller should make sure that * `begin <= end <= input.length`. Other inputs would result in undefined behavior. */ function _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds( string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end ) private pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) { bytes memory buffer = bytes(input); // skip 0x prefix if present bool hasPrefix = (end > begin + 1) && bytes2(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, begin)) == bytes2("0x"); // don't do out-of-bound (possibly unsafe) read if sub-string is empty uint256 offset = hasPrefix.toUint() * 2; uint256 result = 0; for (uint256 i = begin + offset; i < end; ++i) { uint8 chr = _tryParseChr(bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i))); if (chr > 15) return (false, 0); result *= 16; unchecked { // Multiplying by 16 is equivalent to a shift of 4 bits (with additional overflow check). // This guarantees that adding a value < 16 will not cause an overflow, hence the unchecked. result += chr; } } return (true, result); } /** * @dev Parse a hexadecimal string (with or without "0x" prefix), and returns the value as an `address`. * * Requirements: * - The string must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]{40}` */ function parseAddress(string memory input) internal pure returns (address) { return parseAddress(input, 0, bytes(input).length); } /** * @dev Variant of {parseAddress-string} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and * `end` (excluded). * * Requirements: * - The substring must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]{40}` */ function parseAddress(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (address) { (bool success, address value) = tryParseAddress(input, begin, end); if (!success) revert StringsInvalidAddressFormat(); return value; } /** * @dev Variant of {parseAddress-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because the input is not a properly * formatted address. See {parseAddress-string} requirements. */ function tryParseAddress(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, address value) { return tryParseAddress(input, 0, bytes(input).length); } /** * @dev Variant of {parseAddress-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because input is not a properly * formatted address. See {parseAddress-string-uint256-uint256} requirements. */ function tryParseAddress( string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end ) internal pure returns (bool success, address value) { if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, address(0)); bool hasPrefix = (end > begin + 1) && bytes2(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(bytes(input), begin)) == bytes2("0x"); // don't do out-of-bound (possibly unsafe) read if sub-string is empty uint256 expectedLength = 40 + hasPrefix.toUint() * 2; // check that input is the correct length if (end - begin == expectedLength) { // length guarantees that this does not overflow, and value is at most type(uint160).max (bool s, uint256 v) = _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end); return (s, address(uint160(v))); } else { return (false, address(0)); } } function _tryParseChr(bytes1 chr) private pure returns (uint8) { uint8 value = uint8(chr); // Try to parse `chr`: // - Case 1: [0-9] // - Case 2: [a-f] // - Case 3: [A-F] // - otherwise not supported unchecked { if (value > 47 && value < 58) value -= 48; else if (value > 96 && value < 103) value -= 87; else if (value > 64 && value < 71) value -= 55; else return type(uint8).max; } return value; } /** * @dev Escape special characters in JSON strings. This can be useful to prevent JSON injection in NFT metadata. * * WARNING: This function should only be used in double quoted JSON strings. Single quotes are not escaped. * * NOTE: This function escapes backslashes (including those in \uXXXX sequences) and the characters in ranges * defined in section 2.5 of RFC-4627 (U+0000 to U+001F, U+0022 and U+005C). All control characters in U+0000 * to U+001F are escaped (\b, \t, \n, \f, \r use short form; others use \u00XX). ECMAScript's `JSON.parse` does * recover escaped unicode characters that are not in this range, but other tooling may provide different results. */ function escapeJSON(string memory input) internal pure returns (string memory) { bytes memory buffer = bytes(input); // Put output at the FMP. Memory will be reserved later when we figure out the actual length of the escaped // string. All write are done using _unsafeWriteBytesOffset, which avoid the (expensive) length checks for // each character written. bytes memory output; assembly ("memory-safe") { output := mload(0x40) } uint256 outputLength = 0; for (uint256 i = 0; i < buffer.length; ++i) { uint8 char = uint8(bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i))); if (((SPECIAL_CHARS_LOOKUP & (1 << char)) != 0)) { _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "\\"); if (char == 0x08) _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "b"); else if (char == 0x09) _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "t"); else if (char == 0x0a) _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "n"); else if (char == 0x0c) _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "f"); else if (char == 0x0d) _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "r"); else if (char == 0x5c) _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "\\"); else if (char == 0x22) { // solhint-disable-next-line quotes _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, '"'); } else { // U+0000 to U+001F without short form: output \u00XX _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "u"); _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "0"); _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, "0"); _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, HEX_DIGITS[char >> 4]); _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, HEX_DIGITS[char & 0x0f]); } } else { _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(output, outputLength++, bytes1(char)); } } // write the actual length and reserve memory assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore(output, outputLength) mstore(0x40, add(output, add(outputLength, 0x20))) } return string(output); } /** * @dev Reads a bytes32 from a bytes array without bounds checking. * * NOTE: making this function internal would mean it could be used with memory unsafe offset, and marking the * assembly block as such would prevent some optimizations. */ function _unsafeReadBytesOffset(bytes memory buffer, uint256 offset) private pure returns (bytes32 value) { // This is not memory safe in the general case, but all calls to this private function are within bounds. assembly ("memory-safe") { value := mload(add(add(buffer, 0x20), offset)) } } /** * @dev Write a bytes1 to a bytes array without bounds checking. * * NOTE: making this function internal would mean it could be used with memory unsafe offset, and marking the * assembly block as such would prevent some optimizations. */ function _unsafeWriteBytesOffset(bytes memory buffer, uint256 offset, bytes1 value) private pure { // This is not memory safe in the general case, but all calls to this private function are within bounds. assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore8(add(add(buffer, 0x20), offset), shr(248, value)) } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.7.0) (utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.20; /** * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations. * * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder * of the private keys of a given address. */ library ECDSA { enum RecoverError { NoError, InvalidSignature, InvalidSignatureLength, InvalidSignatureS } /** * @dev The signature is invalid. */ error ECDSAInvalidSignature(); /** * @dev The signature has an invalid length. */ error ECDSAInvalidSignatureLength(uint256 length); /** * @dev The signature has an S value that is in the upper half order. */ error ECDSAInvalidSignatureS(bytes32 s); /** * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with `signature` or an error. This will not * return address(0) without also returning an error description. Errors are documented using an enum (error type) * and a bytes32 providing additional information about the error. * * If no error is returned, then the address can be used for verification purposes. * * The `ecrecover` EVM precompile allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures: * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28. * * NOTE: This function only supports 65-byte signatures. ERC-2098 short signatures are rejected. This restriction * is DEPRECATED and will be removed in v6.0. Developers SHOULD NOT use signatures as unique identifiers; use hash * invalidation or nonces for replay protection. * * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise * be too long), and then calling {MessageHashUtils-toEthSignedMessageHash} on it. * * Documentation for signature generation: * * - with https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.3.4/web3-eth-accounts.html#sign[Web3.js] * - with https://docs.ethers.io/v5/api/signer/#Signer-signMessage[ethers] */ function tryRecover( bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature ) internal pure returns (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errArg) { if (signature.length == 65) { bytes32 r; bytes32 s; uint8 v; // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them // currently is to use assembly. assembly ("memory-safe") { r := mload(add(signature, 0x20)) s := mload(add(signature, 0x40)) v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60))) } return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s); } else { return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength, bytes32(signature.length)); } } /** * @dev Variant of {tryRecover} that takes a signature in calldata */ function tryRecoverCalldata( bytes32 hash, bytes calldata signature ) internal pure returns (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errArg) { if (signature.length == 65) { bytes32 r; bytes32 s; uint8 v; // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, calldata slices would work here, but are // significantly more expensive (length check) than using calldataload in assembly. assembly ("memory-safe") { r := calldataload(signature.offset) s := calldataload(add(signature.offset, 0x20)) v := byte(0, calldataload(add(signature.offset, 0x40))) } return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s); } else { return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength, bytes32(signature.length)); } } /** * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with * `signature`. This address can then be used for verification purposes. * * The `ecrecover` EVM precompile allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures: * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28. * * NOTE: This function only supports 65-byte signatures. ERC-2098 short signatures are rejected. This restriction * is DEPRECATED and will be removed in v6.0. Developers SHOULD NOT use signatures as unique identifiers; use hash * invalidation or nonces for replay protection. * * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise * be too long), and then calling {MessageHashUtils-toEthSignedMessageHash} on it. */ function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address) { (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, signature); _throwError(err, errorArg); return recovered; } /** * @dev Variant of {recover} that takes a signature in calldata */ function recoverCalldata(bytes32 hash, bytes calldata signature) internal pure returns (address) { (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecoverCalldata(hash, signature); _throwError(err, errorArg); return recovered; } /** * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately. * * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098[ERC-2098 short signatures] */ function tryRecover( bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs ) internal pure returns (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errArg) { unchecked { bytes32 s = vs & bytes32(0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff); // We do not check for an overflow here since the shift operation results in 0 or 1. uint8 v = uint8((uint256(vs) >> 255) + 27); return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s); } } /** * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately. */ function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address) { (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, r, vs); _throwError(err, errorArg); return recovered; } /** * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `v`, * `r` and `s` signature fields separately. */ function tryRecover( bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s ) internal pure returns (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errArg) { // EIP-2 still allows signature malleability for ecrecover(). Remove this possibility and make the signature // unique. Appendix F in the Ethereum Yellow paper (https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), defines // the valid range for s in (301): 0 < s < secp256k1n ÷ 2 + 1, and for v in (302): v ∈ {27, 28}. Most // signatures from current libraries generate a unique signature with an s-value in the lower half order. // // If your library generates malleable signatures, such as s-values in the upper range, calculate a new s-value // with 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 - s1 and flip v from 27 to 28 or // vice versa. If your library also generates signatures with 0/1 for v instead 27/28, add 27 to v to accept // these malleable signatures as well. if (uint256(s) > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0) { return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS, s); } // If the signature is valid (and not malleable), return the signer address address signer = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s); if (signer == address(0)) { return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignature, bytes32(0)); } return (signer, RecoverError.NoError, bytes32(0)); } /** * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `v`, * `r` and `s` signature fields separately. */ function recover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) internal pure returns (address) { (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, v, r, s); _throwError(err, errorArg); return recovered; } /** * @dev Parse a signature into its `v`, `r` and `s` components. Supports 65-byte and 64-byte (ERC-2098) * formats. Returns (0,0,0) for invalid signatures. * * For 64-byte signatures, `v` is automatically normalized to 27 or 28. * For 65-byte signatures, `v` is returned as-is and MUST already be 27 or 28 for use with ecrecover. * * Consider validating the result before use, or use {tryRecover}/{recover} which perform full validation. */ function parse(bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) { assembly ("memory-safe") { // Check the signature length switch mload(signature) // - case 65: r,s,v signature (standard) case 65 { r := mload(add(signature, 0x20)) s := mload(add(signature, 0x40)) v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60))) } // - case 64: r,vs signature (cf https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098) case 64 { let vs := mload(add(signature, 0x40)) r := mload(add(signature, 0x20)) s := and(vs, shr(1, not(0))) v := add(shr(255, vs), 27) } default { r := 0 s := 0 v := 0 } } } /** * @dev Variant of {parse} that takes a signature in calldata */ function parseCalldata(bytes calldata signature) internal pure returns (uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) { assembly ("memory-safe") { // Check the signature length switch signature.length // - case 65: r,s,v signature (standard) case 65 { r := calldataload(signature.offset) s := calldataload(add(signature.offset, 0x20)) v := byte(0, calldataload(add(signature.offset, 0x40))) } // - case 64: r,vs signature (cf https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098) case 64 { let vs := calldataload(add(signature.offset, 0x20)) r := calldataload(signature.offset) s := and(vs, shr(1, not(0))) v := add(shr(255, vs), 27) } default { r := 0 s := 0 v := 0 } } } /** * @dev Optionally reverts with the corresponding custom error according to the `error` argument provided. */ function _throwError(RecoverError err, bytes32 errorArg) private pure { if (err == RecoverError.NoError) { return; // no error: do nothing } else if (err == RecoverError.InvalidSignature) { revert ECDSAInvalidSignature(); } else if (err == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength) { revert ECDSAInvalidSignatureLength(uint256(errorArg)); } else if (err == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS) { revert ECDSAInvalidSignatureS(errorArg); } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.7.0) (utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.24; import {MessageHashUtils} from "./MessageHashUtils.sol"; import {ShortStrings, ShortString} from "../ShortStrings.sol"; import {IERC5267} from "../../interfaces/IERC5267.sol"; /** * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP-712] is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data. * * The encoding scheme specified in the EIP requires a domain separator and a hash of the typed structured data, whose * encoding is very generic and therefore its implementation in Solidity is not feasible, thus this contract * does not implement the encoding itself. Protocols need to implement the type-specific encoding they need in order to * produce the hash of their typed data using a combination of `abi.encode` and `keccak256`. * * This contract implements the EIP-712 domain separator ({_domainSeparatorV4}) that is used as part of the encoding * scheme, and the final step of the encoding to obtain the message digest that is then signed via ECDSA * ({_hashTypedDataV4}). * * The implementation of the domain separator was designed to be as efficient as possible while still properly updating * the chain id to protect against replay attacks on an eventual fork of the chain. * * NOTE: This contract implements the version of the encoding known as "v4", as implemented by the JSON RPC method * https://docs.metamask.io/guide/signing-data.html[`eth_signTypedDataV4` in MetaMask]. * * NOTE: In the upgradeable version of this contract, the cached values will correspond to the address, and the domain * separator of the implementation contract. This will cause the {_domainSeparatorV4} function to always rebuild the * separator from the immutable values, which is cheaper than accessing a cached version in cold storage. * * IMPORTANT: The `name` and `version` must each fit in a `ShortString` (at most 31 bytes). Longer values cause the * constructor to revert with a `ShortStrings.StringTooLong` error. Because the values are stored exclusively in * immutables, the domain is preserved when the contract is used behind a proxy or clone without an initializer. * * @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow state-variable-immutable */ abstract contract EIP712 is IERC5267 { using ShortStrings for *; bytes32 private constant TYPE_HASH = keccak256("EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)"); // Cache the domain separator as an immutable value, but also store the chain id that it corresponds to, in order to // invalidate the cached domain separator if the chain id changes. bytes32 private immutable _cachedDomainSeparator; uint256 private immutable _cachedChainId; address private immutable _cachedThis; bytes32 private immutable _hashedName; bytes32 private immutable _hashedVersion; ShortString private immutable _name; ShortString private immutable _version; // IMPORTANT: Deprecated. Kept to preserve the storage layout of inheriting contracts used as an // implementation behind a proxy. // slither-disable-next-line constable-states string private _nameFallback; // IMPORTANT: Deprecated. Kept to preserve the storage layout of inheriting contracts used as an // implementation behind a proxy. // slither-disable-next-line constable-states string private _versionFallback; /** * @dev Initializes the domain separator and parameter caches. * * The meaning of `name` and `version` is specified in * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-domainseparator[EIP-712]: * * - `name`: the user readable name of the signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol. * - `version`: the current major version of the signing domain. * * NOTE: These parameters cannot be changed except through a xref:learn::upgrading-smart-contracts.adoc[smart * contract upgrade]. */ constructor(string memory name, string memory version) { _name = name.toShortString(); _version = version.toShortString(); _hashedName = keccak256(bytes(name)); _hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(version)); _cachedChainId = block.chainid; _cachedDomainSeparator = _buildDomainSeparator(); _cachedThis = address(this); } /** * @dev Returns the domain separator for the current chain. */ function _domainSeparatorV4() internal view returns (bytes32) { if (address(this) == _cachedThis && block.chainid == _cachedChainId) { return _cachedDomainSeparator; } else { return _buildDomainSeparator(); } } function _buildDomainSeparator() private view returns (bytes32) { return keccak256(abi.encode(TYPE_HASH, _hashedName, _hashedVersion, block.chainid, address(this))); } /** * @dev Given an already https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-hashstruct[hashed struct], this * function returns the hash of the fully encoded EIP712 message for this domain. * * This hash can be used together with {ECDSA-recover} to obtain the signer of a message. For example: * * ```solidity * bytes32 digest = _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode( * keccak256("Mail(address to,string contents)"), * mailTo, * keccak256(bytes(mailContents)) * ))); * address signer = ECDSA.recover(digest, signature); * ``` */ function _hashTypedDataV4(bytes32 structHash) internal view virtual returns (bytes32) { return MessageHashUtils.toTypedDataHash(_domainSeparatorV4(), structHash); } /// @inheritdoc IERC5267 function eip712Domain() public view virtual returns ( bytes1 fields, string memory name, string memory version, uint256 chainId, address verifyingContract, bytes32 salt, uint256[] memory extensions ) { return ( hex"0f", // 01111 _EIP712Name(), _EIP712Version(), block.chainid, address(this), bytes32(0), new uint256[](0) ); } /** * @dev The name parameter for the EIP712 domain. * * NOTE: This function reads `_name`, which is an immutable value. */ // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase function _EIP712Name() internal view returns (string memory) { return _name.toString(); } /** * @dev The version parameter for the EIP712 domain. * * NOTE: This function reads `_version`, which is an immutable value. */ // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase function _EIP712Version() internal view returns (string memory) { return _version.toString(); } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/cryptography/MessageHashUtils.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.6.0) (utils/cryptography/MessageHashUtils.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.24; import {Strings} from "../Strings.sol"; /** * @dev Signature message hash utilities for producing digests to be consumed by {ECDSA} recovery or signing. * * The library provides methods for generating a hash of a message that conforms to the * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-191[ERC-191] and https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712] * specifications. */ library MessageHashUtils { error ERC5267ExtensionsNotSupported(); /** * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an ERC-191 signed data with version * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages). * * The digest is calculated by prefixing a bytes32 `messageHash` with * `"\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32"` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the * hash signed when using the https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method. * * NOTE: The `messageHash` parameter is intended to be the result of hashing a raw message with * keccak256, although any bytes32 value can be safely used because the final digest will * be re-hashed. * * See {ECDSA-recover}. */ function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 messageHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) { assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore(0x00, "\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32") // 32 is the bytes-length of messageHash mstore(0x1c, messageHash) // 0x1c (28) is the length of the prefix digest := keccak256(0x00, 0x3c) // 0x3c is the length of the prefix (0x1c) + messageHash (0x20) } } /** * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an ERC-191 signed data with version * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages). * * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `message` with * `"\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n" + len(message)` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the * hash signed when using the https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method. * * See {ECDSA-recover}. */ function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes memory message) internal pure returns (bytes32) { return keccak256(bytes.concat("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n", bytes(Strings.toString(message.length)), message)); } /** * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an ERC-191 signed data with version * `0x00` (data with intended validator). * * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `data` with `"\x19\x00"` and the intended * `validator` address. Then hashing the result. * * See {ECDSA-recover}. */ function toDataWithIntendedValidatorHash(address validator, bytes memory data) internal pure returns (bytes32) { return keccak256(abi.encodePacked(hex"19_00", validator, data)); } /** * @dev Variant of {toDataWithIntendedValidatorHash-address-bytes} optimized for cases where `data` is a bytes32. */ function toDataWithIntendedValidatorHash( address validator, bytes32 messageHash ) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) { assembly ("memory-safe") { mstore(0x00, hex"19_00") mstore(0x02, shl(96, validator)) mstore(0x16, messageHash) digest := keccak256(0x00, 0x36) } } /** * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-712 typed data (ERC-191 version `0x01`). * * The digest is calculated from a `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`, by prefixing them with * `\x19\x01` and hashing the result. It corresponds to the hash signed by the * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`] JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712. * * See {ECDSA-recover}. */ function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) { assembly ("memory-safe") { let ptr := mload(0x40) mstore(ptr, hex"19_01") mstore(add(ptr, 0x02), domainSeparator) mstore(add(ptr, 0x22), structHash) digest := keccak256(ptr, 0x42) } } /** * @dev Returns the EIP-712 domain separator constructed from an `eip712Domain`. See {IERC5267-eip712Domain} * * This function dynamically constructs the domain separator based on which fields are present in the * `fields` parameter. It contains flags that indicate which domain fields are present: * * * Bit 0 (0x01): name * * Bit 1 (0x02): version * * Bit 2 (0x04): chainId * * Bit 3 (0x08): verifyingContract * * Bit 4 (0x10): salt * * Arguments that correspond to fields which are not present in `fields` are ignored. For example, if `fields` is * `0x0f` (`0b01111`), then the `salt` parameter is ignored. */ function toDomainSeparator( bytes1 fields, string memory name, string memory version, uint256 chainId, address verifyingContract, bytes32 salt ) internal pure returns (bytes32 hash) { return toDomainSeparator( fields, keccak256(bytes(name)), keccak256(bytes(version)), chainId, verifyingContract, salt ); } /// @dev Variant of {toDomainSeparator-bytes1-string-string-uint256-address-bytes32} that uses hashed name and version. function toDomainSeparator( bytes1 fields, bytes32 nameHash, bytes32 versionHash, uint256 chainId, address verifyingContract, bytes32 salt ) internal pure returns (bytes32 hash) { bytes32 domainTypeHash = toDomainTypeHash(fields); assembly ("memory-safe") { // align fields to the right for easy processing fields := shr(248, fields) // FMP used as scratch space let fmp := mload(0x40) mstore(fmp, domainTypeHash) let ptr := add(fmp, 0x20) if and(fields, 0x01) { mstore(ptr, nameHash) ptr := add(ptr, 0x20) } if and(fields, 0x02) { mstore(ptr, versionHash) ptr := add(ptr, 0x20) } if and(fields, 0x04) { mstore(ptr, chainId) ptr := add(ptr, 0x20) } if and(fields, 0x08) { mstore(ptr, verifyingContract) ptr := add(ptr, 0x20) } if and(fields, 0x10) { mstore(ptr, salt) ptr := add(ptr, 0x20) } hash := keccak256(fmp, sub(ptr, fmp)) } } /// @dev Builds an EIP-712 domain type hash depending on the `fields` provided, following https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-5267[ERC-5267] function toDomainTypeHash(bytes1 fields) internal pure returns (bytes32 hash) { if (fields & 0x20 == 0x20) revert ERC5267ExtensionsNotSupported(); assembly ("memory-safe") { // align fields to the right for easy processing fields := shr(248, fields) // FMP used as scratch space let fmp := mload(0x40) mstore(fmp, "EIP712Domain(") let ptr := add(fmp, 0x0d) // name field if and(fields, 0x01) { mstore(ptr, "string name,") ptr := add(ptr, 0x0c) } // version field if and(fields, 0x02) { mstore(ptr, "string version,") ptr := add(ptr, 0x0f) } // chainId field if and(fields, 0x04) { mstore(ptr, "uint256 chainId,") ptr := add(ptr, 0x10) } // verifyingContract field if and(fields, 0x08) { mstore(ptr, "address verifyingContract,") ptr := add(ptr, 0x1a) } // salt field if and(fields, 0x10) { mstore(ptr, "bytes32 salt,") ptr := add(ptr, 0x0d) } // if any field is enabled, remove the trailing comma ptr := sub(ptr, iszero(iszero(and(fields, 0x1f)))) // add the closing brace mstore8(ptr, 0x29) // add closing brace ptr := add(ptr, 1) hash := keccak256(fmp, sub(ptr, fmp)) } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.6.0) (utils/math/Math.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.20; import {Panic} from "../Panic.sol"; import {SafeCast} from "./SafeCast.sol"; /** * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language. */ library Math { enum Rounding { Floor, // Toward negative infinity Ceil, // Toward positive infinity Trunc, // Toward zero Expand // Away from zero } /** * @dev Return the 512-bit addition of two uint256. * * The result is stored in two 256 variables such that sum = high * 2²⁵⁶ + low. */ function add512(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 high, uint256 low) { assembly ("memory-safe") { low := add(a, b) high := lt(low, a) } } /** * @dev Return the 512-bit multiplication of two uint256. * * The result is stored in two 256 variables such that product = high * 2²⁵⁶ + low. */ function mul512(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 high, uint256 low) { // 512-bit multiply [high low] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2²⁵⁶ and mod 2²⁵⁶ - 1, then use // the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256 // variables such that product = high * 2²⁵⁶ + low. assembly ("memory-safe") { let mm := mulmod(a, b, not(0)) low := mul(a, b) high := sub(sub(mm, low), lt(mm, low)) } } /** * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no overflow). */ function tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { uint256 c = a + b; success = c >= a; result = c * SafeCast.toUint(success); } } /** * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no overflow). */ function trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { uint256 c = a - b; success = c <= a; result = c * SafeCast.toUint(success); } } /** * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no overflow). */ function tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { uint256 c = a * b; assembly ("memory-safe") { // Only true when the multiplication doesn't overflow // (c / a == b) || (a == 0) success := or(eq(div(c, a), b), iszero(a)) } // equivalent to: success ? c : 0 result = c * SafeCast.toUint(success); } } /** * @dev Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero). */ function tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { success = b > 0; assembly ("memory-safe") { // The `DIV` opcode returns zero when the denominator is 0. result := div(a, b) } } } /** * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero). */ function tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) { unchecked { success = b > 0; assembly ("memory-safe") { // The `MOD` opcode returns zero when the denominator is 0. result := mod(a, b) } } } /** * @dev Unsigned saturating addition, bounds to `2²⁵⁶ - 1` instead of overflowing. */ function saturatingAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { (bool success, uint256 result) = tryAdd(a, b); return ternary(success, result, type(uint256).max); } /** * @dev Unsigned saturating subtraction, bounds to zero instead of overflowing. */ function saturatingSub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { (, uint256 result) = trySub(a, b); return result; } /** * @dev Unsigned saturating multiplication, bounds to `2²⁵⁶ - 1` instead of overflowing. */ function saturatingMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { (bool success, uint256 result) = tryMul(a, b); return ternary(success, result, type(uint256).max); } /** * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `condition ? a : b`. Gas costs are constant. * * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone. * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `condition ? a : b`) to only compute * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive. */ function ternary(bool condition, uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { // branchless ternary works because: // b ^ (a ^ b) == a // b ^ 0 == b return b ^ ((a ^ b) * SafeCast.toUint(condition)); } } /** * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers. */ function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { return ternary(a > b, a, b); } /** * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers. */ function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { return ternary(a < b, a, b); } /** * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards * zero. */ function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { // (a + b) / 2 can overflow. return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2; } } /** * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers. * * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds towards infinity instead * of rounding towards zero. */ function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { if (b == 0) { // Guarantee the same behavior as in a regular Solidity division. Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO); } // The following calculation ensures accurate ceiling division without overflow. // Since a is non-zero, (a - 1) / b will not overflow. // The largest possible result occurs when (a - 1) / b is type(uint256).max, // but the largest value we can obtain is type(uint256).max - 1, which happens // when a = type(uint256).max and b = 1. unchecked { return SafeCast.toUint(a > 0) * ((a - 1) / b + 1); } } /** * @dev Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or * denominator == 0. * * Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv) with further edits by * Uniswap Labs also under MIT license. */ function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) { unchecked { (uint256 high, uint256 low) = mul512(x, y); // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division. if (high == 0) { // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own. // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact. // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic. return low / denominator; } // Make sure the result is less than 2²⁵⁶. Also prevents denominator == 0. if (denominator <= high) { Panic.panic(ternary(denominator == 0, Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO, Panic.UNDER_OVERFLOW)); } /////////////////////////////////////////////// // 512 by 256 division. /////////////////////////////////////////////// // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [high low]. uint256 remainder; assembly ("memory-safe") { // Compute remainder using mulmod. remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator) // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number. high := sub(high, gt(remainder, low)) low := sub(low, remainder) } // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. // Always >= 1. See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363. uint256 twos = denominator & (0 - denominator); assembly ("memory-safe") { // Divide denominator by twos. denominator := div(denominator, twos) // Divide [high low] by twos. low := div(low, twos) // Flip twos such that it is 2²⁵⁶ / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one. twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1) } // Shift in bits from high into low. low |= high * twos; // Invert denominator mod 2²⁵⁶. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2²⁵⁶ such // that denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2²⁵⁶. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for // four bits. That is, denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2⁴. uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2; // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also // works in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step. inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁸ inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹⁶ inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2³² inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁶⁴ inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹²⁸ inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2²⁵⁶ // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator. // This will give us the correct result modulo 2²⁵⁶. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is // less than 2²⁵⁶, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and high // is no longer required. result = low * inverse; return result; } } /** * @dev Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction. */ function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { return mulDiv(x, y, denominator) + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0); } /** * @dev Calculates floor(x * y >> n) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256. */ function mulShr(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint8 n) internal pure returns (uint256 result) { unchecked { (uint256 high, uint256 low) = mul512(x, y); if (high >= 1 << n) { Panic.panic(Panic.UNDER_OVERFLOW); } return (high << (256 - n)) | (low >> n); } } /** * @dev Calculates x * y >> n with full precision, following the selected rounding direction. */ function mulShr(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint8 n, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { return mulShr(x, y, n) + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, 1 << n) > 0); } /** * @dev Calculate the modular multiplicative inverse of a number in Z/nZ. * * If n is a prime, then Z/nZ is a field. In that case all elements are inversible, except 0. * If n is not a prime, then Z/nZ is not a field, and some elements might not be inversible. * * If the input value is not inversible, 0 is returned. * * NOTE: If you know for sure that n is (big) a prime, it may be cheaper to use Fermat's little theorem and get the * inverse using `Math.modExp(a, n - 2, n)`. See {invModPrime}. */ function invMod(uint256 a, uint256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { if (n == 0) return 0; // The inverse modulo is calculated using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm (iterative version) // Used to compute integers x and y such that: ax + ny = gcd(a, n). // When the gcd is 1, then the inverse of a modulo n exists and it's x. // ax + ny = 1 // ax = 1 + (-y)n // ax ≡ 1 (mod n) # x is the inverse of a modulo n // If the remainder is 0 the gcd is n right away. uint256 remainder = a % n; uint256 gcd = n; // Therefore the initial coefficients are: // ax + ny = gcd(a, n) = n // 0a + 1n = n int256 x = 0; int256 y = 1; while (remainder != 0) { uint256 quotient = gcd / remainder; (gcd, remainder) = ( // The old remainder is the next gcd to try. remainder, // Compute the next remainder. // Can't overflow given that (a % gcd) * (gcd // (a % gcd)) <= gcd // where gcd is at most n (capped to type(uint256).max) gcd - remainder * quotient ); (x, y) = ( // Increment the coefficient of a. y, // Decrement the coefficient of n. // Can overflow, but the result is casted to uint256 so that the // next value of y is "wrapped around" to a value between 0 and n - 1. x - y * int256(quotient) ); } if (gcd != 1) return 0; // No inverse exists. return ternary(x < 0, n - uint256(-x), uint256(x)); // Wrap the result if it's negative. } } /** * @dev Variant of {invMod}. More efficient, but only works if `p` is known to be a prime greater than `2`. * * From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_little_theorem[Fermat's little theorem], we know that if p is * prime, then `a**(p-1) ≡ 1 mod p`. As a consequence, we have `a * a**(p-2) ≡ 1 mod p`, which means that * `a**(p-2)` is the modular multiplicative inverse of a in Fp. * * NOTE: this function does NOT check that `p` is a prime greater than `2`. */ function invModPrime(uint256 a, uint256 p) internal view returns (uint256) { unchecked { return Math.modExp(a, p - 2, p); } } /** * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m) * * Requirements: * - modulus can't be zero * - underlying staticcall to precompile must succeed * * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the underlying call succeeds. When using this function, make * sure the chain you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation * at address 0x05 as specified in https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise, * the underlying function will succeed given the lack of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly * interpreted as 0. */ function modExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (uint256) { (bool success, uint256 result) = tryModExp(b, e, m); if (!success) { Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO); } return result; } /** * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m). * It includes a success flag indicating if the operation succeeded. Operation will be marked as failed if trying * to operate modulo 0 or if the underlying precompile reverted. * * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the success flag is true. When using this function, make sure the chain * you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation at address 0x05 as specified in * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise, the underlying function will succeed given the lack * of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly interpreted as 0. */ function tryModExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (bool success, uint256 result) { if (m == 0) return (false, 0); assembly ("memory-safe") { let ptr := mload(0x40) // | Offset | Content | Content (Hex) | // |-----------|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------| // | 0x00:0x1f | size of b | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 | // | 0x20:0x3f | size of e | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 | // | 0x40:0x5f | size of m | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 | // | 0x60:0x7f | value of b | 0x<.............................................................b> | // | 0x80:0x9f | value of e | 0x<.............................................................e> | // | 0xa0:0xbf | value of m | 0x<.............................................................m> | mstore(ptr, 0x20) mstore(add(ptr, 0x20), 0x20) mstore(add(ptr, 0x40), 0x20) mstore(add(ptr, 0x60), b) mstore(add(ptr, 0x80), e) mstore(add(ptr, 0xa0), m) // Given the result < m, it's guaranteed to fit in 32 bytes, // so we can use the memory scratch space located at offset 0. success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, ptr, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x20) result := mload(0x00) } } /** * @dev Variant of {modExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length. */ function modExp(bytes memory b, bytes memory e, bytes memory m) internal view returns (bytes memory) { (bool success, bytes memory result) = tryModExp(b, e, m); if (!success) { Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO); } return result; } /** * @dev Variant of {tryModExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length. */ function tryModExp( bytes memory b, bytes memory e, bytes memory m ) internal view returns (bool success, bytes memory result) { if (_zeroBytes(m)) return (false, new bytes(0)); uint256 mLen = m.length; // Encode call args in result and move the free memory pointer result = abi.encodePacked(b.length, e.length, mLen, b, e, m); assembly ("memory-safe") { let dataPtr := add(result, 0x20) // Write result on top of args to avoid allocating extra memory. success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, dataPtr, mload(result), dataPtr, mLen) // Overwrite the length. // result.length > returndatasize() is guaranteed because returndatasize() == m.length mstore(result, mLen) // Set the memory pointer after the returned data. mstore(0x40, add(dataPtr, mLen)) } } /** * @dev Returns whether the provided byte array is zero. */ function _zeroBytes(bytes memory buffer) private pure returns (bool) { uint256 chunk; for (uint256 i = 0; i < buffer.length; i += 0x20) { // See _unsafeReadBytesOffset from utils/Bytes.sol assembly ("memory-safe") { chunk := mload(add(add(buffer, 0x20), i)) } if (chunk >> (8 * saturatingSub(i + 0x20, buffer.length)) != 0) { return false; } } return true; } /** * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded * towards zero. * * This method is based on Newton's method for computing square roots; the algorithm is restricted to only * using integer operations. */ function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { // Take care of easy edge cases when a == 0 or a == 1 if (a <= 1) { return a; } // In this function, we use Newton's method to get a root of `f(x) := x² - a`. It involves building a // sequence x_n that converges toward sqrt(a). For each iteration x_n, we also define the error between // the current value as `ε_n = | x_n - sqrt(a) |`. // // For our first estimation, we consider `e` the smallest power of 2 which is bigger than the square root // of the target. (i.e. `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e`). We know that `e ≤ 128` because `(2¹²⁸)² = 2²⁵⁶` is // bigger than any uint256. // // By noticing that // `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e → (2**(e-1))² ≤ a < (2**e)² → 2**(2*e-2) ≤ a < 2**(2*e)` // we can deduce that `e - 1` is `log2(a) / 2`. We can thus compute `x_n = 2**(e-1)` using a method similar // to the msb function. uint256 aa = a; uint256 xn = 1; if (aa >= (1 << 128)) { aa >>= 128; xn <<= 64; } if (aa >= (1 << 64)) { aa >>= 64; xn <<= 32; } if (aa >= (1 << 32)) { aa >>= 32; xn <<= 16; } if (aa >= (1 << 16)) { aa >>= 16; xn <<= 8; } if (aa >= (1 << 8)) { aa >>= 8; xn <<= 4; } if (aa >= (1 << 4)) { aa >>= 4; xn <<= 2; } if (aa >= (1 << 2)) { xn <<= 1; } // We now have x_n such that `x_n = 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e = 2 * x_n`. This implies ε_n ≤ 2**(e-1). // // We can refine our estimation by noticing that the middle of that interval minimizes the error. // If we move x_n to equal 2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2), then we reduce the error to ε_n ≤ 2**(e-2). // This is going to be our x_0 (and ε_0) xn = (3 * xn) >> 1; // ε_0 := | x_0 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-2) // From here, Newton's method give us: // x_{n+1} = (x_n + a / x_n) / 2 // // One should note that: // x_{n+1}² - a = ((x_n + a / x_n) / 2)² - a // = ((x_n² + a) / (2 * x_n))² - a // = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²) - a // = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a² - 4 * a * x_n²) / (4 * x_n²) // = (x_n⁴ - 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²) // = (x_n² - a)² / (2 * x_n)² // = ((x_n² - a) / (2 * x_n))² // ≥ 0 // Which proves that for all n ≥ 1, sqrt(a) ≤ x_n // // This gives us the proof of quadratic convergence of the sequence: // ε_{n+1} = | x_{n+1} - sqrt(a) | // = | (x_n + a / x_n) / 2 - sqrt(a) | // = | (x_n² + a - 2*x_n*sqrt(a)) / (2 * x_n) | // = | (x_n - sqrt(a))² / (2 * x_n) | // = | ε_n² / (2 * x_n) | // = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) | // // For the first iteration, we have a special case where x_0 is known: // ε_1 = ε_0² / | (2 * x_0) | // ≤ (2**(e-2))² / (2 * (2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2))) // ≤ 2**(2*e-4) / (3 * 2**(e-1)) // ≤ 2**(e-3) / 3 // ≤ 2**(e-3-log2(3)) // ≤ 2**(e-4.5) // // For the following iterations, we use the fact that, 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) ≤ x_n: // ε_{n+1} = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) | // ≤ (2**(e-k))² / (2 * 2**(e-1)) // ≤ 2**(2*e-2*k) / 2**e // ≤ 2**(e-2*k) xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_1 := | x_1 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-4.5) -- special case, see above xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_2 := | x_2 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-9) -- general case with k = 4.5 xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_3 := | x_3 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-18) -- general case with k = 9 xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_4 := | x_4 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-36) -- general case with k = 18 xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_5 := | x_5 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-72) -- general case with k = 36 xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_6 := | x_6 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-144) -- general case with k = 72 // Because e ≤ 128 (as discussed during the first estimation phase), we know have reached a precision // ε_6 ≤ 2**(e-144) < 1. Given we're operating on integers, then we can ensure that xn is now either // sqrt(a) or sqrt(a) + 1. return xn - SafeCast.toUint(xn > a / xn); } } /** * @dev Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction. */ function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { uint256 result = sqrt(a); return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && result * result < a); } } /** * @dev Return the log in base 2 of a positive value rounded towards zero. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 r) { // If value has upper 128 bits set, log2 result is at least 128 r = SafeCast.toUint(x > 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff) << 7; // If upper 64 bits of 128-bit half set, add 64 to result r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffffffffffffffff) << 6; // If upper 32 bits of 64-bit half set, add 32 to result r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffffffff) << 5; // If upper 16 bits of 32-bit half set, add 16 to result r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffff) << 4; // If upper 8 bits of 16-bit half set, add 8 to result r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xff) << 3; // If upper 4 bits of 8-bit half set, add 4 to result r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xf) << 2; // Shifts value right by the current result and use it as an index into this lookup table: // // | x (4 bits) | index | table[index] = MSB position | // |------------|---------|-----------------------------| // | 0000 | 0 | table[0] = 0 | // | 0001 | 1 | table[1] = 0 | // | 0010 | 2 | table[2] = 1 | // | 0011 | 3 | table[3] = 1 | // | 0100 | 4 | table[4] = 2 | // | 0101 | 5 | table[5] = 2 | // | 0110 | 6 | table[6] = 2 | // | 0111 | 7 | table[7] = 2 | // | 1000 | 8 | table[8] = 3 | // | 1001 | 9 | table[9] = 3 | // | 1010 | 10 | table[10] = 3 | // | 1011 | 11 | table[11] = 3 | // | 1100 | 12 | table[12] = 3 | // | 1101 | 13 | table[13] = 3 | // | 1110 | 14 | table[14] = 3 | // | 1111 | 15 | table[15] = 3 | // // The lookup table is represented as a 32-byte value with the MSB positions for 0-15 in the first 16 bytes (most significant half). assembly ("memory-safe") { r := or(r, byte(shr(r, x), 0x0000010102020202030303030303030300000000000000000000000000000000)) } } /** * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { uint256 result = log2(value); return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << result < value); } } /** * @dev Return the log in base 10 of a positive value rounded towards zero. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) { uint256 result = 0; unchecked { if (value >= 10 ** 64) { value /= 10 ** 64; result += 64; } if (value >= 10 ** 32) { value /= 10 ** 32; result += 32; } if (value >= 10 ** 16) { value /= 10 ** 16; result += 16; } if (value >= 10 ** 8) { value /= 10 ** 8; result += 8; } if (value >= 10 ** 4) { value /= 10 ** 4; result += 4; } if (value >= 10 ** 2) { value /= 10 ** 2; result += 2; } if (value >= 10 ** 1) { result += 1; } } return result; } /** * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { uint256 result = log10(value); return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 10 ** result < value); } } /** * @dev Return the log in base 256 of a positive value rounded towards zero. * Returns 0 if given 0. * * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string. */ function log256(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 r) { // If value has upper 128 bits set, log2 result is at least 128 r = SafeCast.toUint(x > 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff) << 7; // If upper 64 bits of 128-bit half set, add 64 to result r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffffffffffffffff) << 6; // If upper 32 bits of 64-bit half set, add 32 to result r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffffffff) << 5; // If upper 16 bits of 32-bit half set, add 16 to result r |= SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xffff) << 4; // Add 1 if upper 8 bits of 16-bit half set, and divide accumulated result by 8 return (r >> 3) | SafeCast.toUint((x >> r) > 0xff); } /** * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value. * Returns 0 if given 0. */ function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { uint256 result = log256(value); return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << (result << 3) < value); } } /** * @dev Returns whether a provided rounding mode is considered rounding up for unsigned integers. */ function unsignedRoundsUp(Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (bool) { return uint8(rounding) % 2 == 1; } /** * @dev Counts the number of leading zero bits in a uint256. */ function clz(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256) { return ternary(x == 0, 256, 255 - log2(x)); } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/math/SafeCast.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.6.0) (utils/math/SafeCast.sol) // This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/SafeCast.js. pragma solidity ^0.8.20; /** * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's uintXX/intXX/bool casting operators with added overflow * checks. * * Downcasting from uint256/int256 in Solidity does not revert on overflow. This can * easily result in undesired exploitation or bugs, since developers usually * assume that overflows raise errors. `SafeCast` restores this intuition by * reverting the transaction when such an operation overflows. * * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always. */ library SafeCast { /** * @dev Value doesn't fit in a uint of `bits` size. */ error SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(uint8 bits, uint256 value); /** * @dev An int value doesn't fit in a uint of `bits` size. */ error SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(int256 value); /** * @dev Value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size. */ error SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(uint8 bits, int256 value); /** * @dev A uint value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size. */ error SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(uint256 value); /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint248 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint248). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint248` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 248 bits */ function toUint248(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint248) { if (value > type(uint248).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(248, value); } return uint248(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint240 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint240). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint240` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 240 bits */ function toUint240(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint240) { if (value > type(uint240).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(240, value); } return uint240(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint232 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint232). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint232` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 232 bits */ function toUint232(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint232) { if (value > type(uint232).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(232, value); } return uint232(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint224 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint224). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint224` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 224 bits */ function toUint224(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint224) { if (value > type(uint224).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(224, value); } return uint224(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint216 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint216). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint216` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 216 bits */ function toUint216(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint216) { if (value > type(uint216).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(216, value); } return uint216(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint208 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint208). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint208` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 208 bits */ function toUint208(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint208) { if (value > type(uint208).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(208, value); } return uint208(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint200 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint200). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint200` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 200 bits */ function toUint200(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint200) { if (value > type(uint200).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(200, value); } return uint200(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint192 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint192). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint192` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 192 bits */ function toUint192(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint192) { if (value > type(uint192).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(192, value); } return uint192(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint184 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint184). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint184` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 184 bits */ function toUint184(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint184) { if (value > type(uint184).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(184, value); } return uint184(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint176 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint176). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint176` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 176 bits */ function toUint176(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint176) { if (value > type(uint176).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(176, value); } return uint176(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint168 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint168). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint168` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 168 bits */ function toUint168(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint168) { if (value > type(uint168).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(168, value); } return uint168(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint160 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint160). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint160` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 160 bits */ function toUint160(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint160) { if (value > type(uint160).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(160, value); } return uint160(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint152 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint152). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint152` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 152 bits */ function toUint152(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint152) { if (value > type(uint152).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(152, value); } return uint152(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint144 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint144). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint144` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 144 bits */ function toUint144(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint144) { if (value > type(uint144).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(144, value); } return uint144(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint136 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint136). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint136` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 136 bits */ function toUint136(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint136) { if (value > type(uint136).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(136, value); } return uint136(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint128 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint128). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint128` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 128 bits */ function toUint128(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint128) { if (value > type(uint128).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(128, value); } return uint128(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint120 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint120). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint120` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 120 bits */ function toUint120(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint120) { if (value > type(uint120).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(120, value); } return uint120(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint112 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint112). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint112` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 112 bits */ function toUint112(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint112) { if (value > type(uint112).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(112, value); } return uint112(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint104 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint104). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint104` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 104 bits */ function toUint104(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint104) { if (value > type(uint104).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(104, value); } return uint104(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint96 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint96). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint96` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 96 bits */ function toUint96(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint96) { if (value > type(uint96).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(96, value); } return uint96(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint88 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint88). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint88` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 88 bits */ function toUint88(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint88) { if (value > type(uint88).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(88, value); } return uint88(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint80 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint80). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint80` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 80 bits */ function toUint80(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint80) { if (value > type(uint80).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(80, value); } return uint80(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint72 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint72). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint72` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 72 bits */ function toUint72(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint72) { if (value > type(uint72).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(72, value); } return uint72(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint64 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint64). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint64` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 64 bits */ function toUint64(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint64) { if (value > type(uint64).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(64, value); } return uint64(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint56 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint56). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint56` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 56 bits */ function toUint56(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint56) { if (value > type(uint56).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(56, value); } return uint56(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint48 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint48). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint48` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 48 bits */ function toUint48(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint48) { if (value > type(uint48).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(48, value); } return uint48(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint40 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint40). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint40` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 40 bits */ function toUint40(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint40) { if (value > type(uint40).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(40, value); } return uint40(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint32 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint32). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint32` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 32 bits */ function toUint32(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint32) { if (value > type(uint32).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(32, value); } return uint32(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint24 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint24). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint24` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 24 bits */ function toUint24(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint24) { if (value > type(uint24).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(24, value); } return uint24(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint16 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint16). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint16` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 16 bits */ function toUint16(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint16) { if (value > type(uint16).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(16, value); } return uint16(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted uint8 from uint256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint8). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint8` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 8 bits */ function toUint8(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint8) { if (value > type(uint8).max) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(8, value); } return uint8(value); } /** * @dev Converts a signed int256 into an unsigned uint256. * * Requirements: * * - input must be greater than or equal to 0. */ function toUint256(int256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) { if (value < 0) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(value); } return uint256(value); } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int248 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int248 or * greater than largest int248). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int248` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 248 bits */ function toInt248(int256 value) internal pure returns (int248 downcasted) { downcasted = int248(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(248, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int240 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int240 or * greater than largest int240). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int240` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 240 bits */ function toInt240(int256 value) internal pure returns (int240 downcasted) { downcasted = int240(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(240, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int232 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int232 or * greater than largest int232). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int232` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 232 bits */ function toInt232(int256 value) internal pure returns (int232 downcasted) { downcasted = int232(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(232, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int224 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int224 or * greater than largest int224). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int224` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 224 bits */ function toInt224(int256 value) internal pure returns (int224 downcasted) { downcasted = int224(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(224, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int216 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int216 or * greater than largest int216). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int216` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 216 bits */ function toInt216(int256 value) internal pure returns (int216 downcasted) { downcasted = int216(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(216, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int208 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int208 or * greater than largest int208). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int208` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 208 bits */ function toInt208(int256 value) internal pure returns (int208 downcasted) { downcasted = int208(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(208, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int200 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int200 or * greater than largest int200). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int200` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 200 bits */ function toInt200(int256 value) internal pure returns (int200 downcasted) { downcasted = int200(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(200, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int192 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int192 or * greater than largest int192). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int192` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 192 bits */ function toInt192(int256 value) internal pure returns (int192 downcasted) { downcasted = int192(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(192, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int184 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int184 or * greater than largest int184). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int184` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 184 bits */ function toInt184(int256 value) internal pure returns (int184 downcasted) { downcasted = int184(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(184, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int176 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int176 or * greater than largest int176). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int176` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 176 bits */ function toInt176(int256 value) internal pure returns (int176 downcasted) { downcasted = int176(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(176, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int168 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int168 or * greater than largest int168). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int168` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 168 bits */ function toInt168(int256 value) internal pure returns (int168 downcasted) { downcasted = int168(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(168, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int160 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int160 or * greater than largest int160). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int160` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 160 bits */ function toInt160(int256 value) internal pure returns (int160 downcasted) { downcasted = int160(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(160, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int152 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int152 or * greater than largest int152). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int152` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 152 bits */ function toInt152(int256 value) internal pure returns (int152 downcasted) { downcasted = int152(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(152, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int144 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int144 or * greater than largest int144). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int144` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 144 bits */ function toInt144(int256 value) internal pure returns (int144 downcasted) { downcasted = int144(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(144, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int136 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int136 or * greater than largest int136). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int136` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 136 bits */ function toInt136(int256 value) internal pure returns (int136 downcasted) { downcasted = int136(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(136, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int128 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int128 or * greater than largest int128). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int128` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 128 bits */ function toInt128(int256 value) internal pure returns (int128 downcasted) { downcasted = int128(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(128, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int120 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int120 or * greater than largest int120). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int120` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 120 bits */ function toInt120(int256 value) internal pure returns (int120 downcasted) { downcasted = int120(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(120, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int112 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int112 or * greater than largest int112). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int112` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 112 bits */ function toInt112(int256 value) internal pure returns (int112 downcasted) { downcasted = int112(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(112, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int104 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int104 or * greater than largest int104). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int104` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 104 bits */ function toInt104(int256 value) internal pure returns (int104 downcasted) { downcasted = int104(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(104, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int96 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int96 or * greater than largest int96). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int96` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 96 bits */ function toInt96(int256 value) internal pure returns (int96 downcasted) { downcasted = int96(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(96, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int88 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int88 or * greater than largest int88). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int88` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 88 bits */ function toInt88(int256 value) internal pure returns (int88 downcasted) { downcasted = int88(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(88, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int80 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int80 or * greater than largest int80). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int80` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 80 bits */ function toInt80(int256 value) internal pure returns (int80 downcasted) { downcasted = int80(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(80, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int72 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int72 or * greater than largest int72). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int72` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 72 bits */ function toInt72(int256 value) internal pure returns (int72 downcasted) { downcasted = int72(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(72, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int64 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int64 or * greater than largest int64). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int64` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 64 bits */ function toInt64(int256 value) internal pure returns (int64 downcasted) { downcasted = int64(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(64, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int56 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int56 or * greater than largest int56). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int56` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 56 bits */ function toInt56(int256 value) internal pure returns (int56 downcasted) { downcasted = int56(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(56, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int48 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int48 or * greater than largest int48). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int48` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 48 bits */ function toInt48(int256 value) internal pure returns (int48 downcasted) { downcasted = int48(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(48, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int40 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int40 or * greater than largest int40). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int40` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 40 bits */ function toInt40(int256 value) internal pure returns (int40 downcasted) { downcasted = int40(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(40, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int32 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int32 or * greater than largest int32). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int32` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 32 bits */ function toInt32(int256 value) internal pure returns (int32 downcasted) { downcasted = int32(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(32, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int24 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int24 or * greater than largest int24). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int24` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 24 bits */ function toInt24(int256 value) internal pure returns (int24 downcasted) { downcasted = int24(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(24, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int16 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int16 or * greater than largest int16). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int16` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 16 bits */ function toInt16(int256 value) internal pure returns (int16 downcasted) { downcasted = int16(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(16, value); } } /** * @dev Returns the downcasted int8 from int256, reverting on * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int8 or * greater than largest int8). * * Counterpart to Solidity's `int8` operator. * * Requirements: * * - input must fit into 8 bits */ function toInt8(int256 value) internal pure returns (int8 downcasted) { downcasted = int8(value); if (downcasted != value) { revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(8, value); } } /** * @dev Converts an unsigned uint256 into a signed int256. * * Requirements: * * - input must be less than or equal to maxInt256. */ function toInt256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (int256) { // Note: Unsafe cast below is okay because `type(int256).max` is guaranteed to be positive if (value > uint256(type(int256).max)) { revert SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(value); } return int256(value); } /** * @dev Cast a boolean (false or true) to a uint256 (0 or 1) with no jump. */ function toUint(bool b) internal pure returns (uint256 u) { assembly ("memory-safe") { u := iszero(iszero(b)) } } } // ===== File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/math/SignedMath.sol ===== // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/SignedMath.sol) pragma solidity ^0.8.20; import {SafeCast} from "./SafeCast.sol"; /** * @dev Standard signed math utilities missing in the Solidity language. */ library SignedMath { /** * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `a ? b : c`. Gas costs are constant. * * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone. * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `a ? b : c`) to only compute * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive. */ function ternary(bool condition, int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) { unchecked { // branchless ternary works because: // b ^ (a ^ b) == a // b ^ 0 == b return b ^ ((a ^ b) * int256(SafeCast.toUint(condition))); } } /** * @dev Returns the largest of two signed numbers. */ function max(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) { return ternary(a > b, a, b); } /** * @dev Returns the smallest of two signed numbers. */ function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) { return ternary(a < b, a, b); } /** * @dev Returns the average of two signed numbers without overflow. * The result is rounded towards zero. */ function average(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) { // Formula from the book "Hacker's Delight" int256 x = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1); return x + (int256(uint256(x) >> 255) & (a ^ b)); } /** * @dev Returns the absolute unsigned value of a signed value. */ function abs(int256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) { unchecked { // Formula from the "Bit Twiddling Hacks" by Sean Eron Anderson. // Since `n` is a signed integer, the generated bytecode will use the SAR opcode to perform the right shift, // taking advantage of the most significant (or "sign" bit) in two's complement representation. // This opcode adds new most significant bits set to the value of the previous most significant bit. As a result, // the mask will either be `bytes32(0)` (if n is positive) or `~bytes32(0)` (if n is negative). int256 mask = n >> 255; // A `bytes32(0)` mask leaves the input unchanged, while a `~bytes32(0)` mask complements it. return uint256((n + mask) ^ mask); } } }

Txn Hash	Age	From	To	Quantity
0xdb7f2347…389562	6 days ago	0x56468d…31e1f7	0xbe8525…1dddc4	494,082.481074
0xfb399de7…8bd91c	6 days ago	0x56468d…31e1f7	0x9e768e…5da136	494,693.908144
0x8f7dcd35…c87474	6 days ago	0x000000…000000	0x56468d…31e1f7	1,000,000,000.000000